Topics: Renal Osmolality, EXTRACELLULAR FLUID VOLUME, Renal regulation, ECF Volume, blood osmolality, ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE, TUBULOGLOMERULAR FEEDBACK, GLOMERULOTUBULAR BALANCE, SODIUM HANDLING, ALDOSTERONE EFFECTS, Renal tubules, Aldosterone Secretion

Topics: Kidney, renal disease, Urinalysis, Urine microscopy, Urine pH, Sodium excretion, Proteinuria, Urine examinations, BLOOD TESTS, Glomerular Functions, renal tubular functions, Ammonium Chloride Loading Test, Abdominal ultrasonography, Radioisotope studies, renal biopsy

Topics: renal dialysis, Dialysis, renal failure

Topics: LEFT VENTRICULAR FAILURE, RIGHT VENTRICULAR FAILURE, BIVENTRICULAR CARDIAC FAILURE

Topics: SINUSITIS, audiology, PEDIATRIC OTOLARYNGOLOGY, HEARING LOSS, dysphagia, deep neck space infection, hoarsness, vertigo, tinnitus, otalgia, salivary glands, facial nerve paralysis, nasal obstruction, neck masses, epistaxis, neoplasm, carcinoma, Acute Suppurative Sinusitis, Chronic Sinusitis, Acute Otitis Media, Otitis Media, Adenoid Hypertrophy, Acute Tonsillitis, Tonsillectomy, Airway Obstruction, Acute Laryngotracheobroncheitis, Acute Epiglottitis, Subglottic Stenosis, Laryngomalacia, Surgical Airway Management, Peritonsillar Abscess, Quinsy, Retropharyngeal Abscess, Ludwig’s Angina, Acute Tonsillitis, Acute Laryngitis, Chronic Laryngitis, Laryngitis, Vocal Cord Nodules, Vocal Cord Polyps, Benign Laryngeal Papillomas, Laryngeal Carcinoma, Sialadenitis, Sialolithiasis, Congenital Neck Masses, Hypopharynx, Larynx, Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, ear, nose, Pure Tone Audiometry, Speech Audiometry, Impedance Audiometry, Auditory Brainstem Response, Tuning Fork Tests, Otitis Externa, Cholesteatoma, Otosclerosis, Congenital Sensorineural Hearing Loss, Presbycusis, Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss, Drug Ototoxicity, Noise-Induced Sensorineural Hearing Loss, Acoustic Neuroma, Temporal Bone Fractures, Aural Rehabilitation, Otoneurological Examination, Bell’s Palsy, Acute Rhinitis, Allergic Rhinitis, Vasomotor Rhinitis, Adenoid Hypertrophy, Nasal Polyps, Septal Deviation, Septal Hematoma, Septal Perforation

Topics: Radiographic Pathology, specialized imaging technique, Respiratory System, Congenital Diseases, Hereditary Diseases, Diffuse Lung Disease, neoplasms, vascular diseases, lung disorders, pluera disorder, diaphragm, skeletal system, inflammatory disorders, infectious disorders, Metabolic Bone Disease, Fibrous Dysplasia, Benign Bone Tumors, Malignant Bone Tumors, Bone Metastases, fractures, Scoliosis, Spondylolysis, Spondylolisthesis, Gastrointestinal System, stomach, Urinary System, Urinary Calculi, Urinary Tract Obstruction, Renal Vein Thrombosis, Chronic Renal Failure, Acute Renal Failure, Cardiovascular System, Acquired Vascular Disease, Valvular Disease, Pericardial Effusion, Venous Disease, tumors Central Nervous System, Multiple Sclerosis, Epilepsy, Convulsive Disorders, Hematopoietic System, Pituitary Gland, Thyroid Gland, parathyroid Gland, Diabetes Mellitus, Undescended Testis, Cryptorchidism, Testicular Torsion, Epididymitis, Testicular Tumors, Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, cysts, tumors, breast lesions, Nutritional Diseases, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Melanoma, Muscular Dystrophy, Ischemia, Infarction, edema, Hemorrhage, neoplasia, immunity disorder, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Mammography, ultrasound, Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography, Positron Emission Tomography, fusion imaging, Pneumonia, anthrax, Lung Abscess, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary Mycosis, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Sarcoidosis, Pneumoconiosis, Solitary Pulmonary Nodule, Bronchial Adenoma, Bronchogenic Carcinoma, Pulmonary Metastases, pulmonary Embolism, Septic Embolism, Pulmonary Arteriovenous Fistula, Atelectasis, Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Intrabronchial Foreign Bodies, Mediastinal Emphysema, Pneumomediastinum, Subcutaneous Emphysema, Pneumothorax, Pleural Effusion, Empyema, Mediastinal Masses, Diaphragmatic Paralysis, Vertebral Anomalies, Spina Bifida, Osteopetrosis, Osteogenesis Imperfecta, Achondroplasia, Congenital Hip Dysplasia, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Ankylosing Spondylitis, Reiter’s Syndrome, Psoriatic Arthritis, Osteoarthritis, Infectious Arthritis, Bursitis, Bacterial Osteomyelitis, Tuberculous Osteomyelitis, Osteoporosis, osteomalacia, rickets, gout, Paget's disease, lead poisoning, fracture healing, Battered-Child Syndrome, Tracheoesophageal Fistula, Esophagitis, Esophageal Cancer, Esophageal Diverticula, Hiatal Hernia, Achalasia, Gastritis, Pyloric Stenosis, Peptic Ulcer Disease, stomach cancer, Crohn’s Disease, Regional Enteritis, Small Bowel Obstruction, Adynamic Ileus, Intussusception, Diverticulosis, Diverticulitis, Appendicitis, Ulcerative Colitis, Ischemic Colitis, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, colon cancer, Large Bowel Obstruction, Gallstones, Cholelithiasis, Acute Cholecystitis, Emphysematous Cholecystitis, Porcelain Gallbladder, Hepatitis, liver Cirrhosis, Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Hepatic Metastases

Topics: Renal physiology, cortex, inner medulla, renal sinus, nephrons, glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubules, loops of Henle, basement membrane, urine

Topics: CALCIUM CONTAINIG STONES, NON CALCIUM CONTAINIG STONE, Calculi, XANTHINE STONES, DIHYDROXYADENINE STONE, SlLICATE STONE, Renal Calculus, calcium oxalate, Calcium Oxalate Calculi stone, calcium phosphate stone, Struvite Stone, Staghorn stone, Struvite renal stone, Hydronephrosis

Topics: Benign nephrosclerosis, Malignant nephrosclerosis, renal artery stenosis, Fibromuscular dysplasia, Thrombotic Microangiopathies, thrombotic microangiopathy, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, hemolytic-uremic syndrome, Sickle-Cell Nephropathy, Diffuse Cortical Necrosis, RENAL INFARCTS

Topics: Stone Formation, Chemical free ion activities, Nucleation, Basic Single Stone Former, calcium stones, Calcium oxalate monohydrate, Calcium phosphate brushite, Calcium Stones Hypercalciuria, Calcium Stones Pathophysiology, Calcium Stones Idiopathic Hypercalciuria, Hypercalciuria Dent’s Disease, Calcium Stones Renal leak, Calcium Stones Hypercalciuria, Calcium Stones Hyperparathyroidism, Calcium Stones Hypocitraturia, Calcium Stones Renal Tubular Acidosis, Calcium Stones Hyperoxaluria, Calcium Stones Dietary Hyperoxaluria, Calcium Stones Endogenous hyperoxaluria, Calcium Stones Enteric Hyperoxaluria, Calcium Stones Hyperuricosuria, Uric Acid Stones, Uric Acid, Struvite Stones, Cystine Stones, Nephrolithiasis Treatment