Topics: Engineering materials, metals, ceramic, glasses, polymers, elastomers, atomic structure, atomic bonding, Bohr theory, Quantum Numbers, Wave-Mechanical Model, Crystal Structure, crystal defect, semiconductors, electrical conduction, Intrinsic Semiconduction, Extrinsic Semiconduction, Hot-working Processes, Hot-rolling, forging, drop-forging, Hot-pressing, extrusion, Cold-pressing, Deep-drawing, coining, spinning, Annealing, Normalising, Hardening, Case Hardening, Carburizing, Nitriding, Flame Hardening, Cyaniding, tempering