Topics: Islamic Political Institutions, Jāhiliyyah Period, Early Life of Prophet Muhammad, Marriage to Khadījah, Advent of Islam, Migration to Madinah, Foundation of the Islamic State, Conquest of Makkah, Institution of the Caliphate, Khulafā’al-Rāshidūn, Rightly Guided Caliphs, Umayyads, the Abbasids, Aglabids, Fatimids, Ottoman Turks, Sokoto Caliphate, Vizier, Qādī, Muhtasib, Wāli Mazālim, Şāhibu ‘s-Shurţah, Sokoto Jihad Leaders, Sokoto Jihad Scholars, Nigerian Muslim Scholars

Topics: Epistemology, modes of knowledge, fallibilism, truth estimation, preface paradox, Dialllus, Skepticism, certainty, certainty of logic, certainty of life, pragmatic inconsistency, skepticism, risk, rationality, cognitive risk, economic dimension, Epistemic Justification, Plausibility, Presumption, probability, Foundationalism, Coherentism, rational inquiry, cyclic systemization, Coherentist Criteriology, Cognitive Relativism, Contexualism, cognitive progress, scientific progress, Law of Logarithmic Returns, Natural Science Complexification, Imperfectability of Knowledge, pragmatic completeness, predictive completeness, temporal finality, ignorance, Insolubilia, Limits of Knowledge, erotetic incapacity, cognitive incapacity, identifying insolubillia, Cognitive Realism, existence, cognitive dynamics

Topics: Ethics, moral foundations, Descriptive Ethics, Metaethics, Normative Ethics, Egoism, Hedonism, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Rand, strategic ethics game theory, Relativism, Absolutism, Moral Imperialism, moral imagination, Utilitarianism, Contemporary Utilitarianism, Deontology, Virtue-Based Ethics, Nonhuman Rights, Justice, Retributive Justice, Restorative Justice, Distributive Justice, Libertarianism, Egalitarianism, Essentialism, Equality, Ethics of Care, Separatist Feminism, Modernist Ethics, Habermas, Foucault, Rorty, Non-Western ethics, Confucianism, Tetsuro Watsuji, Buddhism, Taoism, Africana ethics