Topics: soil properties, soil management, tropical environment, temperature, solar radiation, rainfall, tropical climates, vegetation, physiography, Anthropocene, biodiversity, climate change, demographics, Green Revolutions, Tropical Agroecosystems, land use, land-use change, Pedology, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Laterite Paradigm, tropical soils, tropical soil research, Soil Taxonomy, soil classification systems, soil physical properties, soil temperature, soil structure, soil compaction, soil water, soil erosion, conservation, conservation agriculture, water, rainfed agriculture, irrigated agriculture, irrigation, mineralogy, clay minerals, mineralogy families, Anion Exchange Capacity, soil acidity capacity, Acid Soil Infertility, Liming, overliming, subsoil acidity, secondary acidity, soil biology, soil biodiversity, comminution, decomposition, nutrient elements transformation, soil structure regulation, organic carbon, carbon pools, carbon fractions, animal manures, composts, biochars, organic farming, soil fertility, nutrient cycling, nutrient uptake, determining fertilizer needs, nitrogen cycle, nitrogen pools, atmospheric deposition, biological nitrogen fixation, mineral fertilizers, organic nitrogen mineralization, soil nitrogen fertilizer reactions, Phosphorus Cycle, Phosphorus, Total Soil Phosphorus, inorganic Phosphorus, Phosphorus sorption, Phosphorus release, plant Phosphorus requirements, Phosphorus fertilization, sulfur cycle, sulfur sorption, Sulphur fertilization, Forest–Soil Nutrient Cycles, land clearing, Mechanized Land Clearing, Crop Yield Declines, Field Abandonment, Secondary Forest Fallows, puddling, flooding, rice cultivation systems, Nutrient Management, Yield Stagnation, Nitrogen Sequestration, Livestock-Based Tropical Systems, tropical pastures, Tropical Livestock Management Systems, pastoralism, Smallholder Mixed Crop–Livestock Systems, Extensive Pasture-Based Beef Production, Pasture Degradation, Crop–Pasture Integration, Tropical Tree-Based Systems, Plantation Forestry, Plantation Forestry Species, Agroforestry, Agroforestry Tree Species, Agroforestry Systems, Simultaneous Agroforestry, Sequential Agroforestry, tree crops

Topics: Arduino Development, Connecting Arduino, Arduino code basics, Arduino pins, Blinking LEDs, 7-segment display, LED bar graph, Button debouncing, Button multiplexing, sensors, temperature sensor, detecting motion, PIR sensor, measuring distance, noise reduction, accelerometer, motor control, Servo motor, stepper motor, bipolar stepper motors, brushless motors, Arduino digital communication, timing Arduino code

Topics: Geology, Earth's Surface, Earth's Dimensions, Surface Relief, Earth's Interior, Temperature gradient, Earth's Density, Earthquakes, Isostasy, Continental Drift, Oceanic Ridges, Rock Magnetism, Drift Mechanism, Geological History, Strati-graphical column, Plate Tectonics, Earth age, Earth origin, Precambrian, Phanerozoic, Surface Processes, Weathering, Erosion, Deposition, Minerals, Igneous Rocks, Sedimentary Rocks, Metamorphic Rocks, Geological Structures, Strength of Geological materials, In-situ investigations, Laboratory investigations, Geological Maps, Ground-water, Slope Stability, Reservoirs, Dams, Excavations, Ground water treatment, Nuclear waste, Foundations, Construction materials, Water supplies, Retaining walls, Thermal treatment, Consolidation, Grouting, Dewatering, Underground excavations, Disposal of excavated materials, Surface excavations, Ground-water control, Underground reservoir, Reservoirs, Dams, Slope Stability, Slope Failure, Water levels, Aquifers, Aquicludes, Hydrological Cycle

Topics: strength Of Materials, Simple stress, simple strain, Elastic materials, Hooke's law, Modulus of elasticity, Young's modulus, Brittle materials, Poisson's ratio, Shear stress, Modulus of rigidity, Double shear, Temperature stresses, Compound bar, Cantilever beams, Simple beams, Shear force, bending moment, Shear force diagram, bending moment diagram, Torsion, Crystalline structure, Metals crystalline structure, Atomic bonding, crystal structure, Body-centered cubic structure, Face-centered cubic structure, Hexagonal close-packed structure, grain structure, grain boundary, polymorphism, Slope of beams, deflection of beams, Fatigue, creep, Fracture, Creep test, Fracture mechanics, Linear fracture mechanics, Griffith's fracture criterion

Topics: Environmental Microbiology, aquatic environments, marine environment, freshwater environment, terrestrial environments, soil, terrestrial habitats, extreme environments, high temperature environments, extremely acidic environments, highly alkaline environments, non-alkaline environments, highly saline environments

Topics: Thermochemistry, Chemical Kinetics, heat flow, heat of reaction, exothermic process, endothermic process, enthalpy change, enthalpy, Enthalpies of Reaction, thermochemical equations, calorimetry, Hess's law, Standard Enthalpies of Formation, fuels, rate of reaction, Temperature of Reaction, reaction rate

Topics: heat, thermal equilibrium, temperature, internal energy, heat of transformation, heat transfer, convection, radiation, conduction

Topics: Simple stress, simple strain, Shear stress, Saint-Venant's principle, Stress, strain, Modulus of elasticity, Modulus of Rigidity, Bar elongation, Superposition principle, Tapering section Bars, Elongation due to self-weight, Uniform strength column, Statically indeterminate systems, Temperature stresses, Shrinking on, Strain analysis, Tensile test diagram, Elastic constants, Three-Dimensional stress systems, Compound stress, compound stress, Principal stresses, Maximum shear stresses, Mohr's Stress cycle, Three coplanar stress, Ellipse of Stress, Strain Analysis, Principal Strain, Principal shear strain, Mohr's Strain cycle, Strain Energy, Shear force, Bending moment, Supports types, Bending stress in beams, Simple bending theory, Moment of inertia, Flitched beams, composite beams, Unsymmetrical bending, Ellipse of inertia, Shear stress in beams, Shear stress variation, Built-up beams, Shear centre, Deflection, Beam differential equation, Deflection at a point, Macaulay's method, Moment-Area method, Strain energy due to bending, Castigliano's First theorem, Deflection by castigliano's Theorem, Impact loading on beams, conjugate beam method, Betti's reciprocal deflections theorem, Maxwell's Reciprocal Deflection theorem, Fixed beams, Continuous beams, Fixidity Effects, Clapeyron's three moment equation, Torsion, Springs, Columns, Struts, Failure Theories, Plastic bending, Plane frame structures, Materials properties, Materials testing, Tensile testing, Compression testing, Torsion testing, Hardness testing, Impact testing, Fatigue testing

Topics: fluid pressure, hydrostatic forces, submerged surfaces, buoyancy, floatation, fluid kinematics, fluid dynamics, vortex flow, potential flow, ideal fluid flow, laminar flow, viscous flow, boundary layer theory, compressible flow, model similitude, free jets, fluid machines, pelton turbine, impulse turbine, francis turbine, radial flow reaction turbines, propeller, kaplan turbine, axial flow reaction turbines, hydraulic turbines, centrifugal pumps, reciprocation pumps, hydraulic systems, fluid continuum, fluid properties, specific weight, weight density, viscosity, perfect gas law, isobaric process, adiabatic process, surface tension, capillarity, capillary effect, vapour pressure, cavitation, pascal's law, hydrostatic law, Bouyant force, centre of buoyancy, archimedes principle, metacentre, metacentric height, cauchy-reimann equations, Euler's equation, Bernoulli's equation, continuity equation, orfices, hydraulic coefficients, uniform flow, source flow, sink flow, free vortex flow, notches, weirs, francis formula, bazin formula, rehbock formula, cipolletti weir, reynolds experiment, Navier-stoke equation, efflux viscometer, ogee weir, boundary layers, stagnation pressure, stagnation density, stagnation temperature, specific energy curve, critical depth, critical velocity, sub-critical flow, hydraulic jump, francis turbine, velocity triangle, draft tube, rotodynamic turbine

Topics: Zoology, cells, tissues, organs, cell division, inheritance, evolution, gene frequencies, Animal taxonomy, phylogeny, protozoa, Smaller Lophotrochozoan Phyla, Molluscan success, Annelida, Ecdysozoan Phyla, Arthropods, Pancrustacea, Crustacea, Hexapoda, Ambulacraria, Echinoderms, Hemichordates, Chordata, Urochordata, Cephalochordata, fishes, Reptiles, diapsid amniotes, birds, Mammals, Synapsid Amniotes, nervous system, sensory system, endocrine system, chemical messengers, circulation, gas exchange, nutrition, digestion, temperature, body fluid regulation, reproduction, development